Toward Understanding Mental Drivers of Leadership Behaviors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.67945/jfa.v16i.186Keywords:
transformational leadership, Hartman Value Profile, Habit Finder Assessment, leadership behaviorAbstract
Understanding what drives transformational leadership (TL) behavior is a growing interest for researchers (Bauman, 2013; Gardner et al., 2011; Hurst, 2012; North, 2017; North et al., 2019; Rock, 2010; Yukl, 2012). To answer the call, this paper explores the mental drivers of TL behavior. Downtown (1973) initiated a movement in response to charismatic leaders’ actions not aligning with their words, leading to the development of the TL theory. Burns (1978), Bass (1985), and later Bass and Avolio (1992) expanded upon this framework. Downtown (1973) developed the theory of TL, which has been explored and extended by Burns (1978), Bass (1985), and Bass and Avolio (1992). Hartman (1967) developed a way to understand thought patterns through value theory and the Hartman Value Profile. Blanchard (2003) built upon the work of Hartman and developed the Habit Finder Assessment, which provides a way to understand how mental drivers support or sabotage your behavioral efforts. The study’s Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (5X Short) assessed TL behaviors and the Habit Finder Assessment to understand the mental drivers. In the hypotheses testing, each category of the Habit Finder (My Dreams, My Joy, My Self, People, Work, and Structure) was analyzed through Pearson correlation to determine a relationship. The relationship between TL and the Habit Finder People (HF-People) construct was β = .18 and p = .03. Although statistically weak, it is still significant due to the other factors in evaluating the complexities of human behavior and mental drivers (Pearl & Mackenzie, 2018). The HF-People’s unique variance in TL behaviors is notably significant. In other words, the HF-People score accounts for an aspect of TL that the five other areas - Dreams, Joy, Self, Work, and Structure - did not. Therefore, HF-People uniquely elucidated a substantial correlation in TL behaviors. Furthermore, within the Habit Finder, the People category displayed a notable correlation with TL. While the other categories within the Habit Finder did not exhibit direct correlations, it is essential to acknowledge that each habit within every category influences one’s cognitive habits related to people.References
Acquaviva, G. J. (2015). Assessing the valuation imbalance of criminal personalities. Journal of Formal Axiology: Theory and Practice, 8, 119-130.
Antonakis, J., Avolio, B. J., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (2003). Context and leadership: An examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 261-295.
Antonakis, J., Fenley, M., & Liechti, S. (2011). Can charisma be taught? Tests of two interventions. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10, 374-396. doi:10.5465/amle.2010.0012
Antonakis, J., & House, R. J. (2014). Instrumental leadership: Measurement and extension of transformational-transactional leadership theory. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(4), 746-771.
Antonakis, J., Fenley, M., & Liechti, S. (2012). Learning charisma. Transform yourself into the person others want to follow. Harvard Business Review, 90, 127-130, 147.
Avolio, B. J. (2011). Full range leadership development. Sage.
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (1995). Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-level framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 199-218.
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2002). Developing potential across a full range of leadership: Cases on transactional and transformational leadership. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2004). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Manual and sampler set (3rd ed.). Mind Garden.
Avolio, B. J., Waldman, D. A., & Yammarino, F. J. (1991). Leading in the 1990s: The four I's of transformational leadership. Journal of European Industrial Training, 15(4), 9-16.
Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J., & Bass, B. M. (1991). Identifying common methods variance with data collected from a single source: An unresolved sticky issue. Journal of Management, 17(3), 571-587.
Avolio, B., & Gardner, W. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315-338.
Avolio, B., Gardner, W., Walumbwa, F., Luthans, F., & May, D. (2004). Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leader's impact follower attitudes and behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(6), 801-823.
Barling, J., Weber, T., & Kelloway, E. K. (1996). Effects of transformational leadership training on attitudinal and financial outcomes. A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 827-832.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press.
Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industrial, military, and educational impact. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1992). Developing transformational leadership: 1992 and beyond. Journal of European Industrial Training, 21-27.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2000). MLQ Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Mindgarden.
Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2008). The Bass handbook of leadership. The Free Press. Toward Understanding of Mental Drivers of Leadership Behavior 45
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bauman, D. C. (2013). Leadership and three faces of integrity. Leadership Quarterly 24(3), 414- 426. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.01.005
Blanchard, D. (2003). Habit Finder interpretation manual. The Og Group, Inc. dba Habit Finder.
Bocarnea, M., Winston, B., & Dean, D. (2021). Advancements in organizational data collection and measurements: Strategies for addressing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Business Science Reference.
Bono, J. E., & Anderson, M. H. (2005). The advice and influence networks of transformational leaders. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1306-1314. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1306
Bono, J. E., & Ilies, R. (2006). Charisma, positive emotions and mood contagion. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 317-334. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.04.008
Bono, J. E., Foldes, H. J., Vinson, G., & Muros, J. P. (2007). Workplace emotions: The role of supervision and leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1357-1367.
Bortă, A. (2015). Axiometric and psychological structure of empathy. Journal of Formal Axiology: Theory and Practice, 8, 25-46.
Brown, M. E. & Trevino, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595-616.
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. Harper Perennial Political Classics.
Connor, K. T. (2014). Axiology's advantage: Reflections on selection assistance. Journal of Formal Axiology: Theory and Practice, 7, 11-18.
Copeland, M. K. (2014). The emerging significance of values based leadership: A literature review. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 8(2), 105-135.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668-678. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage.
Day, D. D., Sin, H. P., & Chen, T. T. (2004). Assessing the burdens of leadership: Effects of formal leadership roles on individual performance over time. Personnel Psychology, 57, 573- 605. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2004.00001.x
DeRue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Wellman, N., & Humphrey, S. E. (2011). Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Personal Psychology, 64, 7-52.
Dispenza, J. (2012). Breaking the habit of being yourself. Hay House, Inc.
Downton, J. V. (1973). Rebel leadership: Commitment and charisma in the revolutionary process. The Free Press.
Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random House.
Elliott, R. (2003). Executive functions and their disorders: Imaging in clinical neuroscience. British Medical Bulletin, 65(1), 49-59.
Erez, A., Misangyi, V. F., Johnson, D. E., LePine, M. A., & Halverson, K. C. (2008). Stirring the hearts of followers: Charismatic leadership as the transferal of affect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 602-616. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.602
Gardner, W., Cogliser, C., Davis, K., & Dickens, M. (2011). Authentic leadership: A review of the literature and research agenda. Leadership Quarterly, 22(6), 1120-1145. doi:10.1016/leaqua.2011.09.007
George, B., Sims, P., McLean, A. N., & Mayer, D. (2007). Discovering your authentic leadership. Harvard Business Review, 85(2), 129-138.
Gill, R. (2011). Theory and practice of leadership. Sage.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. Bantam.
Good, D., & Michel, E. J. (2013). Individual ambidexterity: exploring and exploiting in dynamic contexts. The Journal of Psychology, 147(5), 435-453. doi:10.1080/00223980.2012.710663
Gunthert, K. C., Cohen, L. H., & Armeli, S. (1999). The role of neuroticism in daily stress and coping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1087-1100. doi:10.1037/0022- 3514.77.5.1087
Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
Halbesleben, J. R. B., & Bowler, W. M. (2007). Emotional exhaustion and job performance: The mediating role of motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 93-106.
Halbesleben, J. R. B., Neveu, J. P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., & Westman, M.(2014). Getting to the “COR”: Understanding the role of resources in conservation of resources theory. Journal of Management, 40, 1334-1364.
Hanganu-Opatz, I. L., Mameli, M., Káradóttir, R. T., & Spires-Jones, T. L. (2015). You are not alone: Selecting your group members and leading an outstanding research team. European Journal of Neuroscience, 42(12), 3012-3017. doi:10.1111/ejn.13109.
Hartman, R. S. (1967). The structure of value: Foundations of scientific axiology. Carbondale & Edwardsville.
Hartman, R. S. (1970). The Hartman Value Profile: Manual of interpretation (2nd ed.). Robert S. Hartman Institute.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1988). The ecology of stress. Taylor & Francis.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology, 50, 337-370.
Hulsheger, U. R., & Schewe, A. F. (2011). On the costs and benefits of emotional labor: A meta- analysis of three decades of research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16, 361- 389.
Hurst, C. G. (2012). Discerning entrepreneurial judgment as reflected in entrepreneurs' responses to feedback (Publication No. 3503420). [Doctoral dissertation, Fielding Graduate University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
Hyland, C. (2013). Building, thinking, feeling and knowing teams. Industrial and Commercial Training, 45(6), 359-361.
Ilies, R., Wagner, D. T., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Explaining affective linkages in teams: Individual differences in susceptibility to contagion and individualism-collectivism. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1140-1148. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1140 Toward Understanding of Mental Drivers of Leadership Behavior 47
Issac, A. C., & Issac, T. G. (2019). Unravelling the nexus between neuroscience and leadership research. Management Decision, 58(3), 448-464.
Johnson, S. K. (2008). I second that emotion: Effects of emotional contagion and affect at work on leader and follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 1-19. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.12.001
Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta- analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 755-768.
Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Simon, L. S., & Judge, T. A. (2016). A head start or a step behind? Understanding how dispositional and motivational resources influence emotional exhaustion. Journal of Management, 42, 561-581.
Kanste, O., Miettunen, J., & Kyngäs, H. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire among nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 57(2), 201-212.
Kelloway, E. K., Barling, J., & Helleur, J. (2000). Enhancing transformational leadership: The roles of training and feedback. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 21, 145- 149.
Lanaj, K., Johnson, R. E., & Lee, S. M. (2016). Benefits of transformational behaviors for leaders: A daily investigation of leader behaviors and need fulfillment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101, 237-251.
Leaf, C. (2021). Cleaning up your mental mess. Baker Publishing Group.
Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81,123-144.
Li, N., Chiaburu, D. S., Kirkman, B. L., & Xie, Z. T. (2013). Spotlight on the followers: An examination of moderators of relationships between transformational leadership and subordinates’ citizenship and taking charge. Personnel Psychology, 66, 225-260.
Lin, S. J., Scott, B. A., & Matta, F. K. (2019). The dark side of transformational leader behaviors for leaders themselves: A conservation of resources perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 62(5), 1556-1582. doi:10.5465/amj.2016.1255
Lord, R. G., & Hall, R. J. (2005). Identity, deep structure and the development of leadership skills. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 591-615. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.06.003
Lowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. Leadership Quarterly, 7, 385-425.
Lucas, R. E., Le, K., & Dyrenforth, P. S. (2008). Explaining the extraversion/positive affect relation: Sociability cannot account for extraverts' greater happiness. Journal of Personality, 76, 385-414. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00490.x
Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. (2003). Authentic leadership development. Positive Organizational Scholarship, 241-271.
Magnus, K., Diener, E., Fujita, F., & Pavot, W. (1993). Extraversion and neuroticism as predictors of objective life events: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1046-1053. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.1046
May, R., Chan, A., Hodges, T., & Avolio, B. (2003). Developing the moral component of authentic leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 32, 247-260.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81-90. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81
Montano, D., Reeske, A., Franke, F., & Huffmeier, J. (2017). Leadership, followers' mental health and job performance in organizations: A comprehensive meta-analysis from an occupational health perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38, 327-350.
North, M. A. (2015). Congruent and incongruent selves: Exploring the structure of authenticity. Journal of Formal Axiology: Theory and Practice, 8, 79-86.
North, M. A. (2017). An examination of the relationships among trait authenticity, authentic leadership, and value judgment (Publication No. 10682577) [Doctoral dissertation, Grand Canyon University] ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
North, M. A., Hurst, C., & Nelson, J. (2019). The role of value judgment in congruent personalities, trait authenticity, and authentic leadership. Journal of Scholarly Engagement, 2(1), 76-90.
Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual (4th ed.). Open University Press.
Pearl, J., & Mackenzie, D. (2018). The book of why: The new science of cause and effect. Basic Books.
Perry, B. D., & Winfrey, O. (2021). What happened to you? Conversations on trauma, resilience, and healing. Flatiron Books.
Pomeroy, L., & Edwards, R. B. (2005). The new science of axiological psychology. Rodopi.
Rock, D. (2010). The neuroscience of leadership [Doctoral dissertation, Middlesex University London]. Public Works database.
Rogers, C. R. (1964). Toward a modern approach to values: The valuing process in the mature person. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 68(2), 160-167.
Siegel, D. J. (2006). An interpersonal neurobiology approach to psychotherapy: Awareness, mirror neurons, and neural plasticity in the development of well-being. Psychiatric Annals, 36(4), 248-256.
Siegel, D. J. (2009). Mindsight: The new science of personal transformation. Bantam Books.
Siegel, D. J. (2020). The developing mind, third edition: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are. The Guilford Press.
Smillie, L. D., Cooper, A. J., Wilt, J., & Revelle, W. (2012). Do extraverts get more bang for the buck? Refining the affective-reactivity hypothesis of extraversion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 306-326. doi:10.1037/a0028372
Sonnentag, S. (2001). Work, recovery activities, and individual well-being: A diary study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 196-210.
Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2007). The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: Development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 204-221.
Sy, T., Côté, S., & Saavedra, R. (2005). The contagious leader: Impact of the leader's mood on the mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 295-305. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.295 Toward Understanding of Mental Drivers of Leadership Behavior 49
Van Knippenberg, D., & Sitkin, S. B. (2013). A critical assessment of charismatic- transformational leadership research. The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 1-60.
Venus, M., Stam, D., & van Knippenberg, D. (2013). Leader emotion as a catalyst of effective leader communication of visions, value-laden messages, and goals. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 122, 53-68.
Waldman, D. A., Balthazard, P. A., & Peterson, S. J. (2011). Social cognitive neuroscience and leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(6), 1092-1106.
Wang, H., Law, K. S., Hackett, R. D., Wang, D. X., & Chen, Z. X. (2005). Leader–member exchange as a mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and followers’ performance and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 420-432.
Yukl, G. (2012). Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), 66-85. doi:10.5465/amp.2012.0088
Yukl, G., & Gardner, W. L. (2020). Leadership in organizations. Pearson.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form without prior written permission from the Robert S. Hartman Institute, except as permitted by law.
